Immune Response after SARS-CoV-2 Infection with Residual Post-COVID Symptoms.

Many patients develop post-acute COVID syndrome (long COVID (LC)). We compared the immune response of LC and individuals with post-COVID full recovery (HC) during the Omicron pandemic. Two hundred ninety-two patients with confirmed COVID infections from January to May 2022 were enrolled. We observed anti-SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain immunoglobulin G, surrogate virus neutralization test, T cell subsets, and neutralizing antibodies against Wuhan, BA.1, and BA.5 viruses (NeuT). NeuT was markedly reduced against BA.1 and BA.5 in HC and LC groups, while antibodies were more sustained with three doses and an updated booster shot than ≤2-dose vaccinations. The viral neutralization ability declined at >84-days after COVID-19 onset (PC) in both groups. PD1-expressed central and effector memory CD4+ T cells, and central memory CD8+ T cells were reduced in the first months PC in LC. Therefore, booster vaccines may be required sooner after the most recent infection to rescue T cell function for people with symptomatic LC.

A Serosurvey of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Monkeys and Humans Living in Proximity in Thailand.

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a member of the Flaviviridae family and one of Asia's most common causes of encephalitis. JEV is a zoonotic virus that is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes of the Culex species. While humans are dead-end hosts for the virus, domestic animals such as pigs and birds are amplification hosts. Although JEV naturally infected monkeys have been reported in Asia, the role of non-human primates (NHPs) in the JEV transmission cycle has not been intensively investigated. In this study, we demonstrated neutralizing antibodies against JEV in NHPs (Macaca fascicularis) and humans living in proximity in two provinces located in western and eastern Thailand by using Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test (PRNT). We found a 14.7% and 5.6% seropositive rate in monkeys and 43.7% and 45.2% seropositive rate in humans living in west and east Thailand, respectively. This study observed a higher seropositivity rate in the older age group in humans. The presence of JEV neutralizing antibodies in NHPs that live in proximity to humans shows the occurrence of natural JEV infection, suggesting the endemic transmission of this virus in NHPs. According to the One Health concept, regular serological studies should be conducted especially at the animal-human interface.

Lipid biomarker profiling of adult Brugia malayi using mass spectrometry detection.

In this article, we first reported the lipid profile of adult Brugia malayi using ultra-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS) to provide a promising drug target for lymphatic filariasis (LF). The MS and MS/MS data analysis indicated that there were target lipids, phosphatidylcholines (PC), at m/z 769.5612 and 831.5767, which were found only in adult males, while at m/z 811.6072, they were found only in females, which is interesting for use as a biomarker in LF disease. In addition, the lipid profile showed that three membrane lipid classes, glycerophospholipids, glycerolipids and sphingolipids, were discovered. Glycerophospholipids were the main components in adult parasites, especially phosphatidylcholine (60%) and phosphatidylethanolamine (27%). Phosphatidylglycerol (5%), phosphatidylserine (4%), phosphatidylinositol (4%) and phosphatidic acid (3%). Consequently, the lipid profile of adult B. malayi is significant and not only provides a promising drug target for LF but also assists in a better understanding of the biological process and mechanism by which parasites interfere with LF disease in the future. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03296-y.

Antimicrobial Peptide Modifications against Clinically Isolated Antibiotic-Resistant Salmonella.

Antimicrobial peptides are promising molecules to address the global antibiotic resistance problem, however, optimization to achieve favorable potency and safety is required. Here, a peptide-template modification approach was employed to design physicochemical variants based on net charge, hydrophobicity, enantiomer, and terminal group. All variants of the scorpion venom peptide BmKn-2 with amphipathic α-helical cationic structure exhibited an increased antibacterial potency when evaluated against multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates at a MIC range of 4-8 µM. They revealed antibiofilm activity in a dose-dependent manner. Sheep red blood cells were used to evaluate hemolytic and cell selectivity properties. Peptide Kn2-5R-NH2, dKn2-5R-NH2, and 2F-Kn2-5R-NH2 (variants with +6 charges carrying amidated C-terminus) showed stronger antibacterial activity than Kn2-5R (a variant with +5 charges bearing free-carboxyl group at C-terminus). Peptide dKn2-5R-NH2 (d-enantiomer) exhibited slightly weaker antibacterial activity with much less hemolytic activity (higher hemolytic concentration 50) than Kn2-5R-NH2 (l-enantiomer). Furthermore, peptide Kn2-5R with the least hydrophobicity had the lowest hemolytic activity and showed the highest specificity to Salmonella (the highest selectivity index). This study also explained the relationship of peptide physicochemical properties and bioactivities that would fulfill and accelerate progress in peptide antibiotic research and development.

Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) for Identification of Pythium insidiosum.

OBJECTIVE: Pythium insidiosum causes a life-threatening condition called pythiosis. High morbidity and mortality of pythiosis are consequences of delayed diagnosis. We aimed to develop a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the rapid detection of P. insidiosum for use in remote areas, where pythiosis is prevalent. METHODS: We designed four LAMP primers to amplify the rDNA sequence. A side-by-side comparison evaluated performances of LAMP and the previously-established multiplex PCR (M-PCR), using gDNA samples extracted from colonies of P. insidiosum (n = 28) and other fungi (n = 54), and tissues of animals with (n = 16) or without (n = 13) pythiosis. RESULTS: LAMP demonstrated a 50% shorter assay duration (1.5 h) and a 10-fold lower limit of detection (10-4 ng) than did M-PCR. Based on colony-extracted gDNAs, LAMP and M-PCR correctly reported P. insidiosum in all 28 samples, providing 100% sensitivity. While M-PCR did not amplify all fungal controls (100% specificity), LAMP falsely detected one organism (98% specificity). Based on the clinical samples, LAMP and M-PCR provided an equivalently-high specificity (100%). However, LAMP showed a markedly-higher sensitivity than that of M-PCR (88% vs. 56%). CONCLUSIONS: LAMP is a simple, useful, efficient assay for the detection of P. insidiosum in clinical specimens and pure cultures in resource-limited laboratories.

Lipid profile of Trichinella papuae muscle-stage larvae.

Outbreaks of trichinellosis caused by Trichinella papuae have been reported in South-East Asia. Mebendazole and thiabendazole are the treatments of choice for trichinellosis; however, both drugs result in significant side effects and are less effective for muscle-stage larvae (L1). An alternative therapeutic agent is needed to improve treatment. Information on lipid composition and metabolic pathways may bridge gaps in our knowledge and lead to new antiparasitics. The T. papuae L1 lipidome was analysed using a mass spectrometry-based approach, and 403 lipid components were identified. Eight lipid classes were found and glycerophospholipids were dominant, corresponding to 63% of total lipids, of which the glycerolipid DG (20:1[11Z]/22:4[7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z]/0:0) (iso2) was the most abundant. Overall, 57% of T. papuae lipids were absent in humans; therefore, lipid metabolism may be dissimilar in the two species. Proteins involved T. papuae lipid metabolism were explored using bioinformatics. We found that 4-hydroxybutyrate coenzyme A transferase, uncharacterized protein (A0A0V1MCB5) and ML-domain-containing protein are not present in humans. T. papuae glycerophospholipid metabolic and phosphatidylinositol dephosphorylation processes contain several proteins that are dissimilar to those in humans. These findings provide insights into T. papuae lipid composition and metabolism, which may facilitate the development of novel trichinellosis treatments.

Whole cell matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for identification of Leptospira spp. in Thailand and Lao PDR.

Leptospirosis is a zoonosis with a worldwide distribution, caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira. The classification and identification of leptospires can be conducted by both genotyping and serotyping which are time-consuming and established in few reference laboratories. This study used matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) as rapid and accurate tool for the identification of leptospires. The whole cell protein spectra of 116 Leptospira isolates including 15 references Leptospira spp. (pathogenic, n = 8; intermediate, n = 2; non-pathogenic, n = 5) and 101 Leptospira spp. clinical isolates was created as an in-house MALDI-TOF MS database. Ninety-seven clinical isolates from Thailand and Laos was validated with these protein spectra and revealed 98.9% correct identification when compared with 16S rRNA gene sequences method. Moreover, MALDI-TOF MS could identify spiked leptospires whole cell in urine. Biomarkers for differentiation of leptospires phylogeny and specific protein spectra for most found Leptospira spp. in this area (L. interrogans, L. kirschneri, L. borgpetersenii) based on MALDI-MS algorithm were demonstrated.

Assessment of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry for identification and biotyping of the pathogenic oomycete Pythium insidiosum.

OBJECTIVE: Pythiosis is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by the oomycete Pythium insidiosum. The disease has been increasingly reported worldwide. Most patients with pythiosis undergo surgical removal of an infected organ. Early diagnosis contributes to better prognosis of pythiosis patients. Here, we assessed the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for identification and biotyping of P. insidiosum. METHODS: A comprehensive set of mass spectra of P. insidiosum was generated to evaluate MALDI-TOF MS for identification and biotyping of P. insidiosum. RESULTS: MALDI-TOF MS accurately identified all 13 P. insidiosum strains tested, at the species level. Mass spectra of P. insidiosum did not match any other microorganisms, including fungi (i.e., Aspergillus species, Fusarium species, and fungal species of the class Zygomycetes), which have similar microscopic morphologies with this oomycete. MALDI-TOF MS- and rDNA sequence-based biotyping methods consistently classified P. insidiosum into three groups: Clade-I (American strains), II (Asian and Australian strains), and III (mostly Thai strains). CONCLUSIONS: MALDI-TOF MS has been successfully used for identification and biotyping of P. insidiosum. The obtained mass spectral database allows clinical microbiology laboratories, well-equipped with a MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer, to conveniently identify P. insidiosum, without requiring any pathogen-specific reagents (i.e., antigen, antibody or primers).